Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The present document compiles the scientific information collected by the experts for the Joint FAO/IOC/WHO ad hoc Expert Consultation on biotoxins in bivalve molluscs held in Oslo, Norway, 26-30 September 2004 to answer the request of scientific advice expressed by the Codex Committee for Fish and Fishery Products (CCFFP). In order to satisfy the many requests received by FAO to disseminate the information collected over these years since 2004, the data and information available were edited and updated in 2009. The document is organized in three main parts that present scientific and technical information necessary for risk assessment, monitoring and surveillance programmes and, in addition, illustrate how the CCFFP used international expertise to advance and finalize international standards for bivalve molluscs. Part I is introductory and presents general information on the shellfish toxins selected for their involvement in poisoning events or their bioactivity observed in laboratory animals in combination with their repeated occurrence in shellfish, their physicochemical characteristics and their biogenetic, microalgal origins. It also provides data on bivalve mollusc production and trade and poisoning caused by bivalve molluscs. Consideration is given to the complex chemical nature of phycotoxins that results in many difficulties in obtaining sufficient quantities of all analogues and hampers the development and validation of methods for the evaluation of their toxicity and efficient control of limits. These difficulties and their impact on consumer protection and shellfish production are further discussed. The interactions between risk evaluation and risk management as integral parts of risk analysis are outlined in the last section of Part I. While these general principles make the Codex approach very clear, it must be noted that specific risk analyses are far from trivial, in particular because of the frequent lack of data on toxin analogues, relative toxicities, exposure and epidemiology. This lack in data often makes risk assessments provisional and requires frequent review of the assessment and the management options derived. Part II compiles the toxin group monographs prepared by the experts for the Expert Consultation and updated in 2009. The toxins were classified into eight groups based on chemical structure: the azaspiracid (AZA) group, brevetoxin (BTX) group, cyclic imines group, domoic acid (DA) group, okadaic Acid (OA) group, pectenotoxin (PTX) group, saxitoxin (STX) group, and yessotoxin (YTX) group. The reason for this was that for enforcement of Codex standards, chemical classification is more appropriate for analytical purposes than classification based on clinical symptoms. Each toxin monograph contains the following subsections: [1] background information; [2] origins and chemical data; [3] biological data; [4] analytical methods; [5] levels and patterns of contamination of bivalve molluscs; [6] dose response analysis and estimation of carcinogenic risk; [7] evaluation; [8] references. Part II is completed by the summary of the FAO/IOC/WHO Expert Consultation. One of the conclusions of the Expert Consultation is that decisions made on the safety of shellfish can only be based on the direct measurement of toxins in shellfish flesh; however, an integrated shellfish and microalgal monitoring programme is highly recommended to provide expanded management capability and enhanced consumer protection. The summary of the Expert Consultation also includes the replies to specific questions posed by the Codex Alimentarius and the recommendations to Member States, FAO, WHO and Codex. Three appendixes provide additional scientific information: Appendix 1 presents the concepts of marker compounds and relative response factors (RRFs). In this discussion paper, the definitions, practicality and limitations in use of marker compounds and RRFs are examined in the context of analysis for marine biotoxins in shellfish. Appendixes 2 and 3 present more detailed considerations about the marine biotoxin action plan and the role and design of phytoplankton monitoring in harmful algal bloom (HAB) programmes, from the documents collated by Working Group 3 of the Expert Consultation in 2004. Part III illustrates how the Codex Alimentarius handled and used the expert recommendations for the management of the risk of biotoxins in bivalve molluscs. Three documents are provided: Report of the Working Group on assessing advice from the ad hoc expert consultation on biotoxins in bivalve molluscs; Codex Code of Practice for Processing Live and Raw Bivalve Molluscs; Codex Standard for Live and Raw Bivalve Molluscs.

Bivalves --- Health risk assessment --- Marine toxins --- Seafood poisoning --- Shellfish as food --- Prevention --- Contamination

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Op alfabetische volgorde worden meer dan 1.400 enkelvoudige (zuivere) stoffen behandeld. Op de kaart staat de informatie die nodig is om veilig met chemicaliën te kunnen werken. Elke kaart vermeldt alle eigenschappen van een stof die uit het oogpunt van veiligheid van belang zijn.

Chemicals --- Basic Sciences. Chemistry --- Safety measures --- Charts, diagrams, etc. --- Chemistry (General). --- Chemicaliën --- -614.8 --- 614.878 --- 615.9 --- 620.26 --- #ABIB:adid --- #WSCH:MONO --- $?$91/08 --- $?$91/12 --- $?$92/11 --- $?$93/09 --- 614.833 --- 615.916 --- 331.823 --- #A9209A --- arbeidsongevallen --- europees gemeenschapsrecht --- petrochemische nijverheid --- 543 --- chemie --- stoffen --- veiligheid --- AA / International- internationaal --- 338.754.0 --- 332.821 --- Chemische stoffen --- Gevaarlijke stoffen --- 540.1 --- 542 --- 542:614.8 --- 614.8 --- abonnement --- abonnementen --- chemie (scheikunde) --- gevaarlijke stoffen --- laboratoriumchemie --- 640 --- Laboratoriumveiligheid --- 54 --- 66.01 --- Chemicalien --- Chemie : veiligheid --- arbeidsveiligheid --- chemicaliën --- chemische ongevallenpreventie --- Chemicaliën en veiligheid --- 12.01 --- 620.26 Dangerous goods or materials --- Dangerous goods or materials --- 615.9 General toxicology. General studies of poisons and poisoning (intoxication) --- General toxicology. General studies of poisons and poisoning (intoxication) --- 614.878 Exposure to irritant substances, chemicals etc. --- Exposure to irritant substances, chemicals etc. --- Chemical compounds --- Compounds, Chemical --- Chemistry --- -Charts, diagrams, etc --- Risico. Ongevallen--(voor meer gedetailleerde uitwerking zie e-{614.8}) --- arbeidsveiligheid - veiligheid op het werk - veiligheidsmaatregelen - beveiliging tegen brand en beroepsgevaren --- gevaarlijke goederen en materialen - gevaarlijke stoffen --- accidents de travail --- droit communautaire europeen --- industrie de la petrochimie --- experimentele scheikunde --- scheikunde --- Chemische bedrijven (algemeen). --- Arbeidsveiligheid.Arbeidsongevallen. --- Produits chimiques --- Produits dangereux --- Encyclopedische werken Chemie --- laboratoriumtechnieken --- Veiligheid in chemische laboratoria --- ongelukken, ongevallenpreventie --- Preventie ; Algemeen --- Yearbooks --- Contains audio-visual material --- Chemische bedrijven (algemeen) --- Arbeidsveiligheid.Arbeidsongevallen --- veiligheidsbeleid --- politique de sécurité --- Veiligheid --- Laboratoriumtechniek --- Arbeidsveiligheid --- Milieuhygiëne --- Chemie --- Chemische proeven --- arbeidsongeval --- gevaarlijke stof --- Europa --- chemische industrie --- indústria química --- ķīmijas rūpniecība --- vegyipar --- chemische Industrie --- keemiatööstus --- химическа промишленост --- industria chimica --- kemična industrija --- kemianteollisuus --- chemický průmysl --- kemisk industri --- industri kimike --- chemijos pramonė --- industrija tal-kimika --- kemijska industrija --- industria chimică --- χημική βιομηχανία --- хемиска индустрија --- industria química --- chemický priemysel --- przemysł chemiczny --- chemical industry --- industrie chimique --- хемијска индустрија --- chemická výroba --- prodhim kimikatesh --- chemical production --- chemische producten --- produção química --- хемиско производство --- βιομηχανία χημικών προϊόντων --- kemisk produktion --- chemikalų gamyba --- produzione chimica --- výroba chemikálií --- prodotto dell'industria chimica --- producción química --- producție chimică --- kemiallinen tuotanto --- vegyianyag-gyártás --- production chimique --- Produktion chemischer Erzeugnisse --- keemiatootmine --- Chemieindustrie --- ķīmisko vielu ražošana --- Eiropa --- Europe --- Ευρώπη --- Ewropa --- Euroopa --- Eurooppa --- Европа --- Európa --- hEorpa --- Evropa --- țări europene --- Europese landen --- země Evropy --- Euroopa riigid --- evropské státy --- países europeus --- evropské země --- европски земји --- European countries --- europæiske lande --- ευρωπαϊκές χώρες --- país europeo --- Euroopan maat --- paesi europei --- nazioni europee --- európske krajiny --- país de Europa --- európai országok --- Europos šalys --- pays européens --- státy Evropy --- Europese staten --- vende europiane --- europäische Länder --- europeiska länder --- sustanza perikoluża --- pavojingoji medžiaga --- farligt ämne --- опасна материја --- sustancia peligrosa --- опасна субстанция --- substancë e rrezikshme --- veszélyes anyag --- farligt stof --- substância perigosa --- substancja niebezpieczna --- επικίνδυνη ουσία --- bīstamā viela --- ohtlik aine --- substance dangereuse --- nevarna snov --- nebezpečná látka --- dangerous substance --- vaarallinen aine --- опасна супстанција --- substanțe periculoase --- Gefahrstoff --- opasna tvar --- sostanza pericolosa --- gevaarlijk preparaat --- vaarallinen tuote --- farlig produkt --- запаливи течности --- produit dangereux --- farligt produkt --- запаливи цврсти материи --- опасни хемикалии --- gefährlicher Stoff --- sostanza nociva --- registrace chemických látek --- nebezpečný výrobok --- βλαβερή ουσία --- opasan proizvod --- dangerous product --- skadeligt stof --- επικίνδυνο προϊόν --- nebezpečný produkt --- bīstams produkts --- opasna roba --- ohtlik toode --- pavojingasis produktas --- gevaarlijk product --- τοξικό προϊόν --- producto peligroso --- sostanza dannosa --- pavojingasis gaminys --- produs periculos --- опасни стоки --- самозапаливи материи --- експлозивни материи и предмети --- produkt i rrezikshëm --- prodotto pericoloso --- produto perigoso --- opasna kemikalija --- munkahelyi biztonság --- darbų sauga --- occupational safety --- безбедност при работа --- sigurnost na radu --- sábháilteacht ag an obair --- arbetarskydd --- sicurezza del lavoro --- безбедност на раду --- bezpečnosť pri práci --- seguridad en el trabajo --- sikurezza okkupazzjonali --- bezpečnost při práci --- tööohutus --- arbejdssikkerhed --- darba drošība --- työturvallisuus --- sécurité du travail --- varstvo pri delu --- ασφάλεια στην εργασία --- bezpieczeństwo pracy --- siguria në punë --- Arbeitssicherheit --- securitatea muncii --- segurança no trabalho --- трудова безопасност --- norme sulla sicurezza del lavoro --- riziková práce --- erhvervsrisiko --- riziko povolání --- bezpečnost na pracovišti --- Sicherheit des Arbeitnehmers --- profesionālais risks --- ametialane risk --- occupational hazard --- sécurité sur le lieu de travail --- arbetarens säkerhet --- riziko pri práci --- bezpečnosť pracovníka --- ammattiriski --- sicurezza del lavoratore --- segurança no local de trabalho --- töökoha turvalisus --- професионална опасност --- bezpečnosť na pracovisku --- ασφάλεια στον τόπο εργασίας --- siguranța muncitorului --- darbo pavojus --- töötaja turvalisus --- seguridad laboral --- prevenzione sanitaria sul luogo di lavoro --- безбедност на работниците во градежништвото --- sécurité du travailleur --- safety at the workplace --- säkerhet på arbetsplatsen --- arbejdsrisiko --- veiligheid op het werk --- ochrana při práci --- foglalkozási kockázat --- työpaikan turvallisuus --- Sicherheit am Arbeitsplatz --- segurança do trabalhador --- darbuotojo saugumas --- bezpečnost práce --- risque professionnel --- seguridad en el lugar de trabajo --- επαγγελματικοί κίνδυνοι --- siguri në vendin e punës --- veiligheid van de arbeider --- sigurnost radnika --- beroepsrisico --- sicurezza sul lavoro --- darbo vietos sauga --- rrezik profesional --- munkavállaló biztonsága --- заштита при работа --- foglalkozási ártalom --- безбедност на работното место --- Berufsrisiko --- sábháilteacht ceirde --- siguri e punonjësve --- risc profesional --- worker safety --- bezpečnost pracovníka --- Arbeitsschutz --- riscos profissionais --- darbinieku drošība --- yrkesrisk --- sigurnost na radnom mjestu --- riesgo profesional --- työntekijän turvallisuus --- siguranța la locul de muncă --- rischio professionale --- seguridad del trabajador --- bezpečnostní technik --- ασφάλεια του εργαζομένου --- sikkerhed på arbejdspladsen --- Verhütung von Arbeitsunfällen --- стандарди за заштита при работа --- drošība darba vietā --- munkahelyi baleset --- повреда на раду --- pracovní úraz --- nelaimingas atsitikimas darbe --- accident profesional --- nesreća na radu --- tionóisc thionsclaíoch --- aksident në punë --- arbetsolycksfall --- nelaimes gadījums darbā --- työtapaturma --- nesreča pri delu --- acidente de trabalho --- εργατικό ατύχημα --- tööõnnetus --- arbejdsulykke --- Arbeitsunfall --- accident du travail --- wypadek przy pracy --- трудова злополука --- несреќа при работа --- pracovný úraz --- aċċident okkupazzjonali --- occupational accident --- infortunio sul lavoro --- accidente laboral --- accident at work --- nelaimingas atsitikimas darbo vietoje --- úraz na pracovisku --- incidente sul lavoro --- accident at the workplace --- повреда на работно место --- arbetsolycka --- accidente de trabajo --- negadījums darbā --- olycksfall i arbetet --- foglalkozási baleset --- työpaikalla tapahtunut tapaturma --- телесна повреда на работно место --- Betriebsunfall --- priemyselný úraz --- work accident --- nelaimingas atsitikimas pramonėje --- болест настаната на работното место --- повреда при работа --- accident de muncă --- yrkesskada --- negadījums darba vietā --- úraz pri práci --- несреќа на работно место --- úraz v práci --- úraz na pracovišti --- arbetsplatsolycka --- aksident në vendin e punës --- ozljeda na radu --- Stof (chemie) --- Chemische proef --- Grafische sector --- Thuis --- An Eoraip --- matéria perigosa --- substaint chontúirteach --- substanță periculoasă --- опасни вещества --- miljøfarligt stof --- pavojinga cheminė medžiaga --- Βλαβερή ουσία --- skadligt ämne --- hazardous substance --- matière dangereuse --- sustancia nociva --- tionóisc cheirde --- tionscal na gceimiceán --- Chemicaliën --- -Safety measures